A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning
By A Mystery Man Writer
Description
For decades, the mechanism of skeletal patterning along a proximal-distal axis has been an area of intense inquiry. Here we examine the development of the ribs, simple structures that in most terrestrial vertebrates consist of two skeletal elements— a proximal bone and a distal cartilage portion. While the ribs have been shown to arise from the somites, little is known about how the two segments are specified. During our examination of genetically modified mice, we discovered a series of progressively worsening phenotypes that could not be easily explained. Here, we combine genetic analysis of rib development with agent-based simulations to conclude that proximal-distal patterning and outgrowth could occur based on simple rules. In our model, specification occurs during somite stages due to varying Hedgehog protein levels, while later expansion refines the pattern. This framework is broadly applicable for understanding the mechanisms of skeletal patterning along a proximal-distal axis.
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://media.springernature.com/m685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-022-30186-x/MediaObjects/41467_2022_30186_Fig4_HTML.png)
CNPY4 inhibits the Hedgehog pathway by modulating membrane sterol
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/10/29/2021.10.28.466242/F1.large.jpg)
Double-layered two-directional somatopleural cell migration during
Growth centers (red) of ribs, fibula, pelvis, and scapula.
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://journals.physiology.org/cms/10.1152/physrev.00008.2018/asset/images/medium/z9j003192906r001.png)
Learning Physiology from Inherited Kidney Disorders
Agent-based modeling of morphogenetic systems: Advantages and
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://www.bioexplorer.net/file/top-anatomy-news-in-2017-696x417.jpg)
Top 15 Anatomy News For 2017 Breakthroughs & Innovations In Anatomy
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://www.mdpi.com/jdb/jdb-08-00006/article_deploy/html/images/jdb-08-00006-g001.png)
JDB, Free Full-Text
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/10/29/2021.10.28.466242/F3.large.jpg)
Double-layered two-directional somatopleural cell migration during
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://i1.rgstatic.net/publication/233877692_Mathematical_Modeling_of_Vertebrate_Limb_Development/links/5a80e6cb4585154d57d90db7/largepreview.png)
PDF) Mathematical Modeling of Vertebrate Limb Development.
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253333932/figure/fig1/AS:298223802568707@1448113503926/Yautja-embryos-display-multiple-morphological-defects-Wild-type-WT-and-yautja-mutant.png)
Yautja embryos display multiple morphological defects. Wild-type
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/29144%2Felife-29144-fig1-v2.tif/full/1500,/0/default.jpg)
A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://www.futuremedicine.com/cms/10.2217/rme.10.27/asset/images/medium/figure1.gif)
Proximal to distal patterning during limb development and
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13592402/figure/fig4/AS:601711148285981@1520470525822/A-Transverse-section-of-the-thoracic-wall-through-distal-vertebral-rib-of-the-operated.png)
A) Transverse section of the thoracic wall through distal vertebral
![A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hirohiko-Aoyama/publication/13592402/figure/fig4/AS:601711148285981@1520470525822/A-Transverse-section-of-the-thoracic-wall-through-distal-vertebral-rib-of-the-operated_Q320.jpg)
A) Transverse section of the thoracic wall through distal
from
per adult (price varies by group size)